Description: In this paper the researchers analyze pension plans for three countries (Canada, the UK, and the US) using an ESG that includes a demographic ratio that has been defined consistently for all countries. In that regard the paper extends the literature and opens areas for future research.

Description: A report providing a high-level review of the literature that addresses the relationship between bond prices/yields and demographic variables, a deep dive into one of the papers, and empirical analysis starting with the methodology of that paper and extending to the stability of the relationship over time, to longer-dated bonds, and to the sovereign bonds of various countries